UNIT 3. Materials

KEY WORDS: raw materials, manufactured goods, to tear(romper con las manos), to smooth(lijar), drawer(cajón), card(cartulina), cardboard(cartón),alloy,

BOOK UNIT Nº10: "FORCES": 

* The aim of the test is..

* Properties: "These steel cables can resist tension. They are able to resist tension".

* Passive form: "This plastic can be stretched, but it cannot be compresed".

* Verbs that contain the idea of cause as part of their meaning: Harden, lighten, widen, etc.

* Colour: reddish, bluish, greenish, etc.

INDEX:

1.- TECHNICAL MATERIALS.

2.- ALLOYS.

3.- PROPERTIES

4.- MANUFACTURED PROCEDURES.

1.- TECHNICAL MATERIALS.

1.- RAW MATERIALS are substances that are extracted directly from natural object. The can be classified into three main categories: animal origin (wool, silk, hides,..) vegetal origin (cotton, hard wood and soft wood ("timbers"), cork, ..) mineral origin (marble, clay, iron...)

2.- MATERIALS  are the raw materials transformed by physical or chemical processes: paper, planks of wood, plastic, metal, glass, etc.

  Manufactured BOARDS of wood: are pieces or stripes of wood glue together:
PLYWOOD(contrachapado) ,CHIPBOARD(aglomerado), MDF, BLOCKBOARD, HARDBOARD(conglomerado).

3.- MANUFACTURED GOODS are any objects created by humans to satisfy their needs and improve their standard of living. The manufactured good can be made of various pieces made from various different materials:  furniture, cars, etc.

4.- TECNICHAL MATERIALS: Common materials used to make manufactured goods:

• WOOD:  furniture, floors, tool hadles, decorative objects, etc.  

1. Softwood timbers usually come from coniferous trees - that is, evergreen, needle-leaved, cone-bearing trees such as fir and pine. 
2. Hardwood timbers come from broad-leaved, deciduous trees, and are more important in Design and Technology than softwood timbers.

• METALS: tools and machines, electrical components, fixtures and fasteners, etc.

1. A) FERROUS. There are metals contain iron. All ferrous metals are MAGNETIC. Examples are cast iron, mild steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel, stainless steel, and high speed steel.
2. B) NON-FERROUS. There area metals do not contain iron. They are not magnetic and are usually more resistant to corrosion than ferrous metals: aluminium, duralumin, copper, zinc, brass, gilding metal and tin

• PLASTICS: PP, PU, PVC, PE, ..eg.: toys, containers, tubing, etc.
• CONSTRUCTION  MATERIALS:  bricks, roofing tiles, walls, etc. 

2.- ALLOYS.

An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals. 

When a material is needed which requires certain properties and this does not exist in a pure metal we combine metals.
Pure white aluminium is very soft and ductile. Other elements can be added to create an aluminium alloy. This can produce a metal which is stronger than Mild Steel has improved hardness and is resistant to corrosion while still remaining light in weight.

• STEEL= IRON + CARBON.
• POOR STEEL= IRON + MUCH CARBON (eg: manhole cover)
• BRASS= COPPER + ZINC.
• BRONZE= COPPER + TIN.
• PEWTER=  TIN + ANTIMONY + COPPER.

3.-PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS.

Hardness	is the ability of a material to resist wear, scratching and indentation. The resistance a materials has to cutting and surface indentations.
Toughness	The opposite of Brithleness. Toughness is the ability of a material to withstand blows or sudden shocks without breaking.This describes the amount of energy a material can absorb without breaking. We measure a material's ability to absorb shock.
Tensile Strength	The maximum force a material can withstand ((in tension(pulling) compression(squashing) , torque(twisting) and shearing(sideways pressure)))
Malleability	The amount of hammering, pressing and shaping a material can take without breaking.
Ductility	Ductility is the ability of a material to deform, usually by stretching along its length.The length that a material can be stretched without breaking.
Elasticity	It´s the ability of a material to be bended and then return to its original shape and size when released.
Heat and Electrical Conductivity	The measure of how well a material can conduct heat or electricity.
Heaviness	The denseness of materials. A dense material will be heavy in relation to its size. Density=Mass/Volume
Strength	The measure of how a material withstands a heavy load without breaking.
Conductivity	Is the ability to conduct heat or electricity.
Elasticity	Is the ability to bed and then to return to its original shape and size.
Fusibility	Fusibility is the ability of a material to change into a liquid or molten state when heated to its melting point
others:	Hardness, Opaque/Translucent/Transparent;  Welding,  Plastilicty, Waterproof/Permeability, Fragily, Britleness ,  Fold/Bend

4.- MANUFACTURED PROCEDURES.
Tools: The tools and machines increase our ability to do work with materials. To mark(punch, compass, square, pencil, rule, scriber, templates), to cut-drill(saw, jack plane, jig-saw, drilling machine, chisels), to bend (vice, hammer), to smooth off (files). 

• MARKING OUT:'Marking out' means the transfer of shapes and lines onto the material, as guides for cutting, bending or shaping them. Accurate marking out is essential if the different parts of the product are to fit together properly. You can use this tools: pencil, scriber, compasses, templates, etc.
• SHAPING BY WASTING TOOLS: Shaping by wasting simply means cutting away material to leave the desired shape.The tools that you can use are: circular saw bench, jig saw, Drilling machine, Hand router or Computer Numerical Control (CNC) milling machin, etc.
• BENDING: Metals can be bent in a vice or in folding bars. Thin metal may be bent whilst cold, while thicker metal may need heating or annealing. Larger pieces of metal may also need to be heated first. 
• SHAPING BY REFORMING: Reforming is a method of shaping materials which changes their overall appearance by first melting or softening them into a paste, then hardening them. Reforming methods include casting, extrusion and injection moulding.
• EXTRUSION: Extrusion is used to produce long, but fairly thin products such as pipes or curtain tracks. Both plastics and metal can be extruded. The material is forced through a die, which contains a hole which is the same shape as the required product.
• INJECTION. Injection moulding is a similar process to die casting. A metal mould is used and softened or molten plastic is forced into the mould by pressure from a screw thread or pneumatic plunger. The mould is made in two parts to allow the moulding to be removed. Polythene, polystyrene, polypropylene and nylon are the plastics most often used in injection moulding, which is used extensively in industry. 

ACTIVITIES Nº1.

1.- Which raw material do these materials come from?

a) glass= sand+carbon+silice
   b) steel= iron+carbon 
c) plastic=petrol
d) porcelain=caolín+feldespat+cuarzo
e) planks=wood from trees
f) concrete=aggregate+water

2. What manufactured goods can we made from the materials of the exercise before.

a glass bottle, pipes, a toy, a jar,a bench, building, a spoon.

3. Complete the sensences:

• " Elastic materials can be stretched. They return to their original shape and size alfter stretching"
• "Non elastic materials can also be stretched, but they remain permanentlywith that shape after stretching". 

4.- Write a list of FIVE manufactured goods made with elastic materials. 

 a rubber, a gum, a rubber rope, rubber boots, rubber brazalets
5. Order from greater to lesser hardness the following materials:

plasticine, plaster, ceramics, diamond, talc.
diamond, plaster, ceramics, talc and plasticine.

6. Name three objects made with permeable materials and another three made with waterproof materials.

Permeable: plastic, rubber and oil

Waterproof: umbrella, nylon and lycra

7. Classify the following textile materials into natural or syntetic:

polyester, cotton, polyamide, wool, jute, naylon, silk, linen, viscose, lycra. rayon.

Natural:cotton, wool, silk, linen

Synetic:polyester, polyamide, jute, naylon, viscose, lycra. rayon.

8. What are the most important properties of these materials:

a) ceramic:tought
 b) concrete:strenght 
 c) fiberglass: stiffness and strenght
 d) graphithe:hardness and conductor
 e) steel:strenght and malleable

9.- What are these made of: 

a)aluminium: bauxita
 b)ceramic: clay
 c)fiberglass: silica, sodium carbonate and lime
 d)grafithe: carbon and silica
 e)titanium: titanium mineral
 f)nylon: petroll 
 g)policarbonate:  petroll
 h)rubber:latex
 i)steel: iron with carbon
 j)polyestyrene: hydrocarbon from petroleum

10.- Find out a material with the properties of:

a)soft+light:tin
 b)ductil+goodconductor: copper
c)hard+tough+non rust+alloy:stainless steel

11.-  Give an example of a suitable material tha may be used to make:

• a) garden tools: steel
• b) most work-shop tools: stainless steel or iron
• c) tough kitchen sink units: stainless steel
• d) wire electrical cables:copper
• e) to protect doctors and dentists from harmful radiation when using X-rayslead
• f) Panels of Land-Rovers: stainless steel
• g) Ornaments: silver
• h) jewllery: gold. 
• i) car gears: stainless steel

ACTIVITIES Nº2 
1. Look for an image of each sort of  manufactured process.

Marking out

Shaping by wasting tools

Bending

Injection process

 

Extrusion process

ACTIVITIES Nº3.
1. Complete the table:
  

<><><><><><><><> <><><><><><><><> <><><><><><><><> <><><><><><><><>

Name and melting point	Composition	Properties and characteristics	Principal uses
Aluminium 660°C	Pure aluminium (an element)	hard, tough, malleable and ductil	Kitchen equipment, window frames, general cast components
Duralumin 650°C	Aluminium with 4% copper, 1% manganese and some magnesium	lightweight, malleable,ductile and impermeable	fasteners, automotive
Copper 1080°C	Pure copper (an element)	good electrical and thermal conductor and very ductil	electric wires, heat exchanges in boilers ansd pipes
Zinc 420°C	Pure zinc (an element)	Weak metal, extremely resistant to corrosion, low melting point	aerospace and automotive industries, brass manufacturing and metallurgy
Brass 900-1000°C	Alloy of coopper and zinc	Resistant to corrosion, fairly hard, good conductor of heat and electricity	electric industry, ornamentation, musical instruments
Bronze 1020°C	alloy of 88%copper and 12% tin	very resistnat to corrosion, good heat and electricity conductors, heavy and strong.	statues, ornamentations, junctions, musical instruments
Steel 1535°C	mixture betwen iron and carbon	tough, strong, malleable, hard and good conductor	construction structures, indsutrial plants, large structures(bridges, towers, buildings), automotive, join elements and appliances

ACTIVITIES Nº4. 
1. Make a timeline about a TOOL over the history.

THE HUMMER

ACTIVITIES Nº5.
1. Complete the table of the Density of  these materials:

1. ALUMINIUM:   mass=200g; volume=74cm3; density: 2.7 g/cm3
2. COPPER: mass=475g; volume=53.37 cm3; density= 8.9 g/cm3
3. ZINC: mass=347.9g; volume=49cm3; density= 7.1 g/cm3
4. LEAD: mass= 475g; volume=42cm3; density=  11.3g/cm3
5. WOOD: mass= 15g ; volumen=20cm3 ;density= 0.75 g/cm3
6. MARBLE: mass=125g ;  volumen=48.07cm3  ;density= 2.6 g/cm3

ACTIVITIES Nº6:

 1.Explain what is meant by the term alloy?
An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals which is produced when a material that requires certain properties and it doesn't exist is needed

 2.Explain in detail the difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
Ferrous: they own a characteristic bright, are good heat and electricity conductors, are malleable and ductils, almost all of them are solid and have high melting point

Non ferrous: they don't have any bright, can be solids, liquids or gases, are bad heat and electricity conductors, are very fragiles and they have loww melting and boiling points.
 3.Define the terms ductile, malleable and corrosion resistant.
Ductile: it's when a metal deforms, usually by stretching along its length.The length that a material can be stretched without breaking.
Malleable: when a metal is malleable it indicates the amount of hammering, pressing and shaping a material can take without breaking.
Corrosion resistant: when a metal is protected or avoid corrosion

4.Suggest a use for: Mild Steel, stainless steel, Aluminium, Copper, Brass & Lead
 Mild steel: wires of fences
Stainless steel: appliances
Aliminium; foil (for packing)
Copper:pipes
Brass: musical instruments
Lead: protection against x-rays


ACTIVITIES Nº7.
1.- Make a mind-map on a card about A TECHNICAL MATERIALS and its: properties, uses, object, types, tools, etc.
ACTIVITIES Nº8.
1.- Find out and draw three types of MATERIALS JOINTS. 
ACTIVITIES Nº9.
1.- Make a presentation of the comparition of two types of metals. Similar to this:




ACTIVITIES Nº10.
1.- Make a REPORT of a tool similar to this:



ACTIVITIES Nº11.
1.- Game: make out little cards with a name of a type of material on one and on the other one with its properties.


ACTIVITIES Nº12.
1.- Listening: link ELLLO "SnowShoes"



1. Finish the conversation of this interview.  Jeff: So are they expensive?
Tim: It depends. They can be, but you can rent them in many places

2. How does he describe “snow shoes”?
A boot and a big paddel that you strap on to your foot

3. Sketch a pair of snow shoes. Choose a suitable scale and list the
materials that they are made.

4.  What are Snow Shoes made of today?
Most snowshoes today are framed in aluminum, usually in an alloy form that is both ultralight and very strong. Some manufacturers coat the aluminum with powdered plastic. The deck, or section on which the foot rests, is made of various materials, usually neoprene, polyurethane, or a composite material such as polyurethane.

5. What are the heaviest metal and the lightest metal?
Iridium (heaviest) and lithium (lightest) Althouhg in the last months a group of american scientist have discovered a metal which is lighter than lithium.

6. Describe the sports you like to practice or watch.I like skiing. Ski is a sport in which you slide on the snow over a pair of large paddles called "skis" and helped by a pair of sticks.

2.- Listening: link on youtube (FiberGlass from Airbus of National Geographic.)


ACTIVITIES ABOUT THIS VIDEO:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8vCqkyEUDs&feature=player_embedded

1.    Write True or False
a.    The first material in the Airbus 380 is light weight steel
b.    Glass becomes a liquid at about 270 º Farenheit
c.    Fiber glass is stronger and more flexible than ordinary glass
d.    Fiber glass can be woven like textiles to produce sheets of material
e.    The window doesn´t break because the individual fibers don´t break
f.    The aluminum provide strength to the composite
2.    Fill in the gaps
a.    The outer ……………….. of the Airbus 380 must be superlight and ……………………
b.    Fiber glass is about ………… to ten times the ………………… of steel
c.     ……………….. resin is added afterwards
d.    When it dries it ………………. the fibers together to create glass in its ………………. Form.
e.    Fiber glass is even ……………… when combined in a composite with …………………
f.    ……………….. provides the strength that …………………… lacks
3.    Answer this question: In the video the terms “Glass fiber” and “Fiber glass” are mentioned:
Are they the same thing? What does each term mean?






ACTIVITIES Nº6.

1.- Make a mind-map on a card about A TECHNICAL MATERIALS and its: properties, uses, object, types, tools, etc. 

ACTIVITIES Nº7.
1.- Find out and draw three types of MATERIALS JOINTS.   

ACTIVITIES Nº8.
1.- Make a presentation of the comparition of two types of metals. Similar to this:








ACTIVITIES Nº9.

1.- Make a REPORT of a tool similar to this:

ACTIVITIES Nº10.

1.- Game: make out little cards with a name of a type of material on one and on the other one with its properties.

1.- Listening: link ELLLO "SnowShoes"





1.- Listening: link on youtube (FiberGlass from Airbus of National Geographic.)



ACTIVITIES ABOUT THIS VIDEO: 
1.    Write True or False

• a.    The first material in the Airbus 380 is light weight steel
• b.    Glass becomes a liquid at about 270 º Farenheit
• c.    Fiber glass is stronger and more flexible than ordinary glass
• d.    Fiber glass can be woven like textiles to produce sheets of material
• e.    The window doesn´t break because the individual fibers don´t break
• f.    The aluminum provide strength to the composite

2.    Fill in the gaps

• a.    The outer ……………….. of the Airbus 380 must be superlight and ……………………
• b.    Fiber glass is about ………… to ten times the ………………… of steel
• c.     ……………….. resin is added afterwards
• d.    When it dries it ………………. the fibers together to create glass in its ………………. Form.
• e.    Fiber glass is even ……………… when combined in a composite with …………………
• f.    ……………….. provides the strength that …………………… lacks

3.    Answer this question: In the video the terms “Glass fiber” and “Fiber glass” are mentioned:
Are they the same thing? What does each term mean?